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Download Now Download Download to read offline. Short and long term memory. Psychology- Memory. Long term memory. Slideshare version simple explanations of definitions. Related Books Free with a 30 day trial from Scribd.
Related Audiobooks Free with a 30 day trial from Scribd. Views Total views. Actions Shares. No notes for slide. The nature of memory: capacity and encoding 3. Morse Code 4. What is faster morse code or text messaging? You need to be able to explain what capacity is: Find the key terms on p.
George Miller conducted a study to investigate the capacity of STM. Miller used the immediate digit span test to find out the capacity of STM. Participants were read a series of numbers and repeated them back to the psychologist in the same order that they heard them. The number of digits they had to recall was increased until the participants were unable to recall them accurately. Miller found that the average digit span was 7 plus or minus 2 the magic number 7.
Miller claimed that the capacity of STM could be increased by chunking. Individual digits or letters can be combined to form a single item or chunk of information, digits can be combined to form a telephone number, letters to form a word. The number of items that can be stored in STM remains limited but the amount of information stored in these chunks can be expanded. Psychologists have been unable to establish the capacity of LTM. It is clear that LTM can store a huge amount of different kinds of information No limit to the amount of information that can be stored in LTM has been established.
The nature of memory: encoding CAR Psychologists have conducted research that has found important differences in the way information is stored in STM and LTM. Find the key terms on p. When we see or hear something this information is briefly stored in sensory memory. If you are working on your homework and there is quiet but annoying music in the background, you may not be aware of it, but your overall focus and performance on your homework might be affected.
Implicit attentional capture is important to understand when driving, because while you might not be aware of the effect a stimulus like loud music or an uncomfortable temperature is having on your driving, your performance will nevertheless be affected. Implicit attentional capture : Even when you are focused on driving, your attention may still implicitly capture other information, such as movement on the GPS screen, which can affect your performance.
Working memory is the part of the memory that actively holds many pieces of information for short amounts of time and manipulates them. The working memory has sub-systems that manipulate visual and verbal information, and it has limited capacity.
We take in thousands of pieces of information every second; this is stored in our working memory. The working memory decides based on past experiences, current thoughts, or information in long-term memory if any particular piece of information is important or relevant.
In other words, if the information is not used or deemed important, it will be forgotten. Otherwise, it is moved from the short-term memory and committed to long-term memory. This effect is what allows most people to tune into a single voice and tune out all others. Research suggests a close link between working memory and attentional capture, or the process of paying attention to particular information. A person pays attention to a given stimulus, either consciously explicitly, with awareness or unconsciously.
This stimulus is then encoded into working memory, at which point the memory is manipulated either to associate it with another familiar concept or with another stimulus within the current situation. If the information is deemed important enough to store indefinitely, the experience will be encoded into long-term memory. If not, it will be forgotten with other unimportant information.
There are several theories to explain how certain information is selected to be encoded while other information is discarded. The formerly accepted filter model proposes that this filtering of information from sensory to working memory is based on specific physical properties of stimuli. For every frequency there exists a distinct nerve pathway; our attention selects which pathway is active and can thereby control which information is passed to the working memory. This way it is possible to follow the words of one person with a certain vocal frequency even though there are many other sounds in the surrounding area.
The filter model is not fully adequate. Attenuation theory, a revision of the filter model, proposes that we attenuate i. According to this theory, information with ignored frequencies can still be analyzed, but not as efficiently as information with relevant frequencies. Attenuation theory differs from late-selection theory, which proposes that all information is analyzed first and judged important or unimportant later; however, this theory is less supported by research.
Levels-of-processing theory looks at not only how a person receives information, but also what they do with that information. Levels-of-processing theory looks at not only how a person receives information, but what the person does with the information after it is received and how that affects overall retention. Fergus Craik and Robert Lockhart determined that memory does not have fixed stores of space; rather, there are several different ways a person can encode and retain data in his or her memory.
The consensus was that information is easier to transfer to long-term memory when it can be related to other memories or information the person is familiar with. There are three levels of processing for verbal data: structural, phonetic, and semantic. These levels progress from the most shallow structural to the deepest semantic. Each level allows a person to make sense of the information and relate it to past memories, determining if the information should be transferred from the short-term memory to the long-term memory.
The deeper the processing of information, the easier it is to retrieve later. Structural processing examines the structure of a word—for example, the font of the typed word or the letters within in it. It is how we assess the appearance of the words to make sense of them and provide some type of simple meaning. Letters : Processing how a word looks is known as structural processing. Structural processing is the shallowest level of processing: If you see a sign for a restaurant but only engage in structural processing, you might remember that the sign was purple with a cursive font, but not actually remember the name of the restaurant.
Phonetic processing is how we hear the word—the sounds it makes when the letters are read together. We compare the sound of the word to other words we have heard in order to retain some level of meaning in our memory. Phonetic processing is deeper than structural processing; that is, we are more likely to remember verbal information if we process it phonetically.
Semantic processing is when we apply meaning to words and compare or relate it to words with similar meanings. This deeper level of processing involves elaborative rehearsal, which is a more meaningful way to analyze information.
This makes it more likely that the information will be stored in long-term memory, as it is associated with previously learned concepts. One example of taking advantage of deeper semantic processing to improve retention is using the method of loci.
This is when you associate non-visual material with something that can be visualized. Creating additional links between one memory and another, more familiar memory works as a cue for the new information being learned.
Imagine walking through a familiar area, such as your apartment. As you come to familiar sites, imagine that you can see the things you need to remember. Suppose you have to remember the first four presidents of the United States: Washington, Adams, Jefferson, and Madison. Your apartment also has four rooms: living room, kitchen, bathroom, and bedroom. Associate the first president, Washington, with the first room the living room.
Imagine him standing on your sofa as if it were the boat on which he crossed the Delaware River. Now, the second room is the kitchen, and so you imagine John Adams there. Think about him going over to the refrigerator, opening up and taking out a beer and remarking that his brother Samuel had brewed it. And so on for the rest of the presidents…. Privacy Policy. Skip to main content. Search for:. Step 1: Memory Encoding. Introduction to Memory Encoding Memory encoding allows an item of interest to be converted into a construct that is stored in the brain, which can later be recalled.
Learning Objectives Give examples of how to optimize the different processes of memory encoding and consolidation. Key Takeaways Key Points Memory encoding allows information to be converted into a construct that is stored in the brain indefinitely; once it is encoded, it can be recalled from either short- or long-term memory. The four primary types of encoding are visual, acoustic, elaborative, and semantic.
Encoding of memories in the brain can be optimized in a variety of ways, including mnemonics, chunking, and state-dependent learning. Research indicates that sleep is of paramount importance for the brain to encode information into accessible memories; it is posited that during sleep, our working memory is encoded into long-term memory. Key Terms semantic : Reflecting the intended structure and meaning. The Role of Attention in Memory In order to encode information into memory, we must first pay attention, a process known as attentional capture.
Learning Objectives Discuss the link between attentional capture and working memory.
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